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Câu hỏi của Tăng Minh Châu - Toán lớp 6 | Học trực tuyến
Ta có : \(\frac{1}{2}< \frac{2}{3};\frac{3}{4}< \frac{4}{5};\frac{5}{6}< \frac{6}{7};....;\frac{99}{100}< \frac{100}{101}\)
Đặt \(B=\frac{2}{3}.\frac{4}{5}.\frac{6}{7}...\frac{100}{101}\)\(\Rightarrow B>A\)
\(\Rightarrow A.B=\left(\frac{1}{2}.\frac{3}{4}.\frac{5}{6}...\frac{99}{100}\right).\left(\frac{2}{3}.\frac{4}{5}.\frac{6}{7}...\frac{100}{101}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A.B=\frac{1}{101}\)
Vì \(B>A\)\(\Rightarrow A.B>A.A=A^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{101}>A^2\)
Mà \(\frac{1}{10^2}>\frac{1}{101}>A^2\Rightarrow\frac{1}{10^2}>A^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{10}< A\left(1\right)\)\(\)
Ta lai có :
\(\frac{1}{2}=\frac{1}{2};\frac{3}{4}>\frac{2}{3};\frac{5}{6}>\frac{4}{5};...;\frac{99}{100}>\frac{98}{99}\)
Đặt \(C=\frac{1}{2}.\frac{2}{3}.\frac{4}{5}...\frac{98}{99}\)
\(\Rightarrow A.C=\left(\frac{1}{2}.\frac{3}{4}.\frac{5}{6}...\frac{99}{100}\right).\left(\frac{1}{2}.\frac{2}{3}.\frac{4}{5}...\frac{98}{99}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A.C=\frac{1}{2}.\frac{1}{2}.\frac{2}{3}.\frac{3}{4}.\frac{4}{5}...\frac{98}{99}.\frac{99}{100}\)
\(\Rightarrow A.C=\frac{1}{200}\)
Vì \(A>C\)
\(\Rightarrow A^2>A.C=\frac{1}{200}\)
Mà \(A^2>\frac{1}{200}>\frac{1}{15^2}\)
\(\Rightarrow A^2>\frac{1}{15^2}\)
\(\Rightarrow A>\frac{1}{15}\left(2\right)\)
Từ \(\left(1\right);\left(2\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{15}< A< \frac{1}{10}\)
\(\RightarrowĐPCM\)
Bài giải
\(\frac{1}{2}< \frac{2}{3}\text{ ; }\frac{3}{4}< \frac{4}{5}\text{ ; }\frac{5}{6}< \frac{6}{7}\text{ ; }...\text{ ; }\frac{99}{100}< \frac{100}{101}\)
\(\text{Đặt }B=\frac{2}{3}\cdot\frac{4}{5}\cdot\frac{6}{7}\cdot...\cdot\frac{100}{101}\)
\(\Rightarrow\text{ }A=\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{3}{4}\cdot\frac{5}{6}\cdot...\cdot\frac{99}{100}< B=\frac{2}{3}\cdot\frac{4}{5}\cdot\frac{6}{7}\cdot...\cdot\frac{100}{101}\)
\(\Rightarrow\text{ }A\cdot A< A\cdot B=\left(\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{3}{4}\cdot\frac{5}{6}\cdot...\cdot\frac{99}{100}\right)\cdot\left(\frac{2}{3}\cdot\frac{4}{5}\cdot\frac{6}{7}\cdot...\cdot\frac{100}{101}\right)\)
\(A\cdot A< A\cdot B=\frac{1}{101}< \frac{1}{10}\)
\(A^2< \frac{1}{10}\text{ }\Rightarrow\text{ }A< \frac{1}{10}^{^{\left(1\right)}}\)
\(\frac{1}{2}=\frac{1}{2}\text{ ; }\frac{3}{4}>\frac{2}{3}\text{ ; }\frac{5}{6}>\frac{4}{5}\text{ ; }...\text{ ; }\frac{99}{100}>\frac{98}{99}\)
\(\text{Đặt }C=\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{2}{3}\cdot\frac{4}{5}\cdot...\cdot\frac{98}{99}\)
\(A\cdot C=\left(\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{3}{4}\cdot\frac{5}{6}\cdot...\cdot\frac{99}{100}\right)\cdot\left(\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{2}{3}\cdot\frac{4}{5}\cdot...\cdot\frac{98}{99}\right)\)
\(A\cdot C=\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{2}{3}\cdot\frac{3}{4}\cdot\frac{4}{5}\cdot\frac{5}{6}\cdot...\cdot\frac{98}{99}\cdot\frac{99}{100}\)
\(A\cdot C=\frac{1}{200}\)
\(\text{Vì }A>C\text{ }\Rightarrow\text{ }A^2>A\cdot C=\frac{1}{200}\)
\(\text{Mà }A^2>\frac{1}{200}>\frac{1}{15^2}\)
\(\Rightarrow\text{ }A>\frac{1}{15}^{^{\left(2\right)}}\)
\(\text{Từ }^{\left(1\right)}\text{ và }^{\left(2\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow\text{ }\frac{1}{15}< A< \frac{1}{10}\)
\(\Rightarrow\text{ }\text{ĐPCM}\)
Bài 2:
M = 1/2.3/4.5/6...99/100
Ta có: \(\frac{a}{b}\) = 1 - \(\frac{b-a}{b}\) (a; b; n ∈ N* và b > a)
\(\frac{a+n}{b+n}\) = 1 - \(\frac{b-a}{b+n}\)
\(\frac{a}{b}\) < \(\frac{a+n}{b+n}\)
Áp dụng công thức trên ta có:
\(\frac12<\frac{1+1}{2+1}=\frac23\)
\(\frac34<\frac{3+1}{4+1}=\frac45\)
\(\frac56\) < \(\frac{5+1}{6+1}\) = \(\frac67\)
............................
\(\frac{99}{100}\) < \(\frac{99+1}{100+1}\) = \(\frac{100}{101}\)
Cộng vế với vế ta có:
M = \(\frac12\).\(\frac34\).\(\frac56\)...\(\frac{99}{100}\) < \(\frac23\).\(\frac45\)..\(\frac{100}{101}\) = N
M < N (đpcm)
b; M.N = \(\frac12\).\(\frac34\).\(\frac56\)...\(\frac{99}{100}\).\(\frac23\).\(\frac45\)..\(\frac{100}{101}\)
M.N = \(\frac{1.3.5\ldots99}{3.5\ldots101}\). \(\frac{2.4.6\ldots100}{2.4.6\ldots100}\)
M.N = 1/100.101
A = 1/3.3/4.5/6...99/100
B = 2/3.4/5.6/7...100/101
Chứng minh A < B
Với: a; b; n ∈ N*; a < b ta có:
\(\frac{a}{b}\) = 1 - \(\frac{b-a}{b}\); \(\frac{a+n}{b+n}\) = 1 - \(\frac{b-a}{b+n}\)
Vì a < b nên b - a > 0
\(\frac{b-a}{b}\) > \(\frac{b-a}{b+n}\)
\(\frac{a}{b}\) < \(\frac{a+n}{b+n}\) (1) (hai phân số, phân số nào có phần bù nhỏ hơn thì phân số đó lớn hơn)
Áp dụng công thức (1) ta có:
\(\frac34\) < \(\frac{3+1}{4+1}=\frac45\)
\(\frac56<\frac{5+1}{6+1}=\frac67\)
.................................
\(\frac{99}{100}<\frac{99+1}{100+1}=\frac{100}{101}\)
Nhân vế với vế ta được:
3/4.5/6....99/100 < 4/5.6/7....100/101
suy ra:
A = 1/3.3/4.5/6....99/100 < 2/3.4/5.6/7..100/101 = B
A < B (Đpcm)
Câu b:
A = 1/3.3/4.5/6...99/100
B = 2/3.4/5.6/7...100/101
A.B = 1/3.3/4.5/6...99/100.2/3.4/5....100/101
A.B = \(\frac{1.3.5\ldots99}{3.5.7.\ldots101}\).\(\frac{2.4.6\ldots100}{3.4.6.\ldots100}\)
A.B = 1/101.2/3
A.B = 2/303
xem link mk
https://olm.vn/hoi-dap/tim-kiem?q=cho+n=1/3-2/3%5E2+3/3%5E3-4/3%5E4+...+99/3%5E99-100/3%5E100+.+Chung+minh+n+%3C+3/16+&id=491985
\(A=\frac{1}{5^2}+\frac{2}{5^3}+.....+\frac{99}{5^{100}}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow5A=\frac{1}{5}+\frac{2}{5^2}+......+\frac{99}{5^{99}}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow5A-A=\left(\frac{1}{5}+\frac{2}{5^2}+....+\frac{99}{5^{99}}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{5^2}+\frac{2}{5^3}+...+\frac{99}{5^{100}}\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow4A=\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5^2}+......+\frac{1}{5^{99}}-\frac{99}{5^{100}}\)
Đặt : \(H=\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5^2}+....+\frac{1}{5^{99}}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow5H=1+\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5^2}+....+\frac{1}{5^{98}}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow5H-H=\left(1+\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5^2}+....+\frac{1}{5^{98}}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5^2}+...+\frac{1}{5^{99}}\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow4H=1-\frac{1}{5^{99}}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow H=\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{4.5^{99}}< \frac{1}{4}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow4A< B< \frac{1}{4}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow A< \frac{1}{16}\left(đpcm\right)\)
Ta quan sát tổng
\(A \textrm{ }\textrm{ } = \textrm{ }\textrm{ } \sum_{k = 1}^{50} \frac{\textrm{ } 2 k - 1 \textrm{ }}{3^{\textrm{ } 2 k \textrm{ }}} \left(\right. \text{v} \overset{ˋ}{\imath} \&\text{nbsp}; 2 k - 1 = 1 , 3 , 5 , \ldots , 99 \&\text{nbsp};\text{khi}\&\text{nbsp}; k = 1 , 2 , \ldots , 50 \left.\right) .\)
\(A = \sum_{k = 1}^{50} \left(\right. 2 k - 1 \left.\right) \textrm{ } \left(\right. \frac{1}{3^{2 k}} \left.\right) = \sum_{k = 1}^{50} \left(\right. 2 k - 1 \left.\right) \textrm{ } \left(\right. \frac{1}{9^{\textrm{ } k}} \left.\right) .\)
Gợi ý: ta muốn so sánh \(\left(\right. 2 k - 1 \left.\right) / 9^{k}\) với một dạng cấp số hình học để dễ hội. Chúng ta có thể tách từng hạng:
\(\frac{2 k - 1}{9^{k}} = \frac{2 k}{9^{k}} \textrm{ }\textrm{ } - \textrm{ }\textrm{ } \frac{1}{9^{k}} .\)
Vậy
\(A = \sum_{k = 1}^{50} \left(\right. \frac{2 k}{9^{k}} - \frac{1}{9^{k}} \left.\right) = \underset{S_{1}}{\underbrace{\sum_{k = 1}^{50} \frac{2 k}{9^{k}}}} \textrm{ }\textrm{ } - \textrm{ }\textrm{ } \underset{S_{2}}{\underbrace{\sum_{k = 1}^{50} \frac{1}{9^{k}}}} .\)
\(S_{2} = \sum_{k = 1}^{50} \frac{1}{9^{k}} \textrm{ }\textrm{ } < \textrm{ }\textrm{ } \sum_{k = 1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{9^{k}} = \frac{1 / 9}{1 - 1 / 9} = \frac{1}{8} = 0.125.\)
Lưu ý, tổng vô hạn \(\sum_{k = 1}^{\infty} k x^{k}\) có công thức đóng là \(\frac{x}{\left(\right. 1 - x \left.\right)^{2}}\) khi \(\mid x \mid < 1.\)
Ở đây, ta có
\(\sum_{k = 1}^{\infty} k \left(\right. \frac{1}{9} \left.\right)^{k} = \frac{\frac{1}{9}}{\left(\right. 1 - \frac{1}{9} \left.\right)^{2}} = \frac{\frac{1}{9}}{\left(\right. \frac{8}{9} \left.\right)^{2}} = \frac{1 / 9}{64 / 81} = \frac{81}{576} = \frac{9}{64} .\)
Do đó
\(\sum_{k = 1}^{\infty} \frac{2 k}{9^{k}} = 2 \times \frac{9}{64} = \frac{18}{64} = \frac{9}{32} .\)
Và vì các hạng \(\frac{2 k}{9^{k}}\) dương nên
\(S_{1} = \sum_{k = 1}^{50} \frac{2 k}{9^{k}} < \sum_{k = 1}^{\infty} \frac{2 k}{9^{k}} = \frac{9}{32} .\)
\(A = S_{1} \textrm{ }\textrm{ } - \textrm{ }\textrm{ } S_{2} < \frac{9}{32} \textrm{ }\textrm{ } - \textrm{ }\textrm{ } \frac{1}{8} .\)
Ta có \(\frac{1}{8} = \frac{4}{32}\). Vậy
\(\frac{9}{32} - \frac{4}{32} = \frac{5}{32} .\)
→ Kết luận:
\(\boxed{A < \frac{5}{32}} .\)